Building OT Security Foundations Before Red Teaming
Establish Baseline Visibility and Asset Management
Conduct comprehensive passive network monitoring to map OT assets without disrupting operations
Build and maintain accurate asset inventories with criticality ratings, dependencies, and ownership
Document network architecture, communication flows, and system interdependencies
Implement continuous asset discovery tools designed specifically for OT protocols
Implement Proper Segmentation and Access Controls
Create defense-in-depth architecture separating IT from OT networks (Purdue Model)
Deploy unidirectional gateways or data diodes at critical boundaries
Establish jump hosts and controlled access points for remote connectivity
Remove or justify any direct internet connections to OT networks
Implement role-based access controls tailored to operational requirements
Develop OT-Specific Security Capabilities
Deploy OT-aware monitoring and anomaly detection tools
Create incident response playbooks that account for operational constraints and safety considerations
Establish vulnerability management programs that prioritize based on operational risk, not just CVSS scores
Build relationships between IT security, OT engineering, and operations teams
Conduct tabletop exercises focused on OT scenarios before any live testing
Validate Vendor Security Claims
Review and test vendor-supplied security configurations in controlled environments
Audit default credentials, unnecessary services, and insecure protocols
Evaluate patch management capabilities and vendor support lifecycles
Assess whether vendor security features actually function as advertised
Alternative Assessment Approaches
Start with architecture reviews and threat modeling specific to your operational environment
Conduct configuration audits and compliance assessments against OT security frameworks (IEC 62443, NIST CSF)
Perform controlled purple team exercises with limited scope and extensive safety planning
Use simulation environments or digital twins for aggressive testing before touching production
Engage in vulnerability assessments that don't require active exploitation
Focus on defensive capability validation (can you detect known TTPs?) before offensive testing
Building Toward Mature Offensive Capabilities
Establish clear maturity criteria before greenlighting any red team activities
Develop OT-specific rules of engagement with safety-first constraints
Require extensive operational technology expertise on any offensive team
Start with assumed breach scenarios rather than external penetration
Implement gradual escalation: paper-based reviews → tabletops → purple team → limited red team → full adversary simulation
Organizational and Cultural Development
Educate leadership on the differences between IT and OT security paradigms
Create metrics that measure defensive maturity, not just vulnerability counts
Establish governance that requires foundational controls before offensive programs
Foster collaboration between security and operations teams with shared accountability
Challenge the "we need a red team" mindset with "what problem are we trying to solve?"
The core principle: Prove you can detect and respond to known threats before searching for unknown ones. If you can't see an attacker walking through the front door, finding the hidden side entrance won't help.
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